The Commonwealth of Nations

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The Commonwealth
Formerly known as the British Commonwealth of Nations, the Commonwealth is a loose association of former British colonies, dependencies and other territories - and Mozambique, which has no historical ties to Britain.

The modern Commonwealth has its roots in the 19th century, when the British Empire began to disintegrate. As some of its parts got varying degrees of independence from the motherland, a new constitutional definition of their relationship with each other had to be found.
The Commonwealth has no constitution or charter, but the heads of government of its member states hold Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGM) every two years to discuss issues of common interest.

As head of the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth II is recognised by its members as the "symbol of their free association". She attends the Commonwealth summits and the Commonwealth Games, which are held every four years. Also, on every Commonwealth Day, which is the second Monday in March, she broadcasts a message to all member countries.

The Commonwealth has been criticised for being a post-colonial club and for having little influence. But to its members it is a voluntary association of independent states which is in the business of promoting democracy, good government, human rights and economic development.
The fact that members share common traditions in many fields, including a common language, enables them to work together in an atmosphere of cooperation and understanding, strengthening even further the prestige of the Commonwealth.

Membership of the Commonwealth brings some practical benefits through the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC). This is the main way in which the Commonwealth promotes economic and social development and reducing poverty.

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Подберите заголовок к каждому тексту. Из 7 предложенных два заголовка лишние.
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A. The Hottest place in the World.
B. Mystery people.
C. Isn’t it great.
D. The biggest trees.
E. Death valley.
F. Rock art.
G. Fantastic plants.

1. Going to this place once meant danger and even death. It's the hottest place in the United States and summer temperatures there can reach 54 degrees C! Today, it is a national park and thousands of people drive there (in air-conditioned comfort, of course) to enjoy the beauty of this strange land.
There are lots of ghost towns in this place. In the 1800s people streamed here looking for gold and silver. The terrible heat combined with hard work made people leave the towns. Today, you can visit these eerie ghost towns and look inside old houses, prisons and banks to see how people lived back then.

2. The Redwood National Park in California is home to the oldest trees in the world. One of them, called General Sherman, is more than 3,000 years old. It's about 84m tall.
The Saguaro National Park in Arizona is the only place in the United States where you can find the magnificent saguaro cactus. It's one of the slowest-growing plants -it takes seventy-five years before it even grows its first branch!

3. The Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado is famous for its 'cliff dwellings'. The Anasazi Indians, who lived there over a thousand years ago, built many houses, both underground and on the tops of the cliffs. For some unknown reason, the Anasazi Indians disappeared suddenly and mysteriously in 1300 AD.

4. In the Capitol Reef National Park in Utah you'll see lots of beautiful cliffs. Many of them are covered with petroglyphs (rock carvings) and pictographs (rock paintings). They were made by the Fremont Indians, who -just like the Anasazi - mysteriously disappeared in 1300 AD.

5. It is one of the true natural wonders of the world. It makes up most of the Grand Canyon National Parkand millions of tourists visit it every year.
The Grand Canyon is over 320 km long and up to 6 km deep. The top and the bottom of the canyon have very different weather and vegetation. In fact, going from the top to the bottom is somewhat like going from Canada to Mexico.There are signs that people lived in the Grand Canyon 4,000 years ago.

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